Monkeypox: Advances in Understanding, Spread, and Management

Abstract

The infectious agent responsible for monkeypox is the Monkeypox Virus (MPXV), a family member of the Poxviridae genus of viruses. Mpox, formerly endemic to West and Central Africa, has had a notable increase in incidence beyond these countries since 2017, resulting in its resurgence as a global health issue. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of MPXV’s virology, epidemiology, and clinical management. MPXV is genetically similar to the variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, with a genomic similarity of 96.3%. Despite this, notable differences in virulence and host range exist. Infected animals can infect humans through direct touch or their excretions; the virus mostly affects rodents and small mammals. A possible factor in the rise of mpox has been the end of smallpox immunization. Symptoms such as a rash, fever, headache, and myalgia are part of the clinical presentation. Although no specific antiviral drugs are approved for mpox, treatments like tecovirimat, cidofovir, and brincidofovir are used in severe cases. Smallpox vaccination offers cross-protection against mpox. Effective management involves diagnosis through PCR assays, symptomatic relief, isolation, and stringent hygiene practices. Public health measures are crucial for controlling outbreaks.