Recent Advances in Green Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles and Their Therapeutic Delivery Applications

Abstract

The environmentally sustainable approach of green synthesis for copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) has emerged as an effective and sustainable method within the field of nanotechnology, offering numerous advantages over traditional physical and chemical methodologies. This technique employs biological sources such as plant extracts, microorganisms, and natural biomolecules as reducing and stabilizing agents, thereby circumventing the use of toxic chemicals and excessive energy consumption. Recent advancements in green synthesis techniques have enabled the controlled production of CuNPs with specific size, shape, surface charge, and stability, which are essential for biomedical applications. CuNPs have demonstrated significant potential in drug delivery due to their unique properties, including high surface area, antimicrobial activity, and the ability to be functionalized for targeted delivery. Green-synthesized CuNPs not only enhance drug solubility but also improve bioavailability and facilitate controlled and sustained drug release. Furthermore, these nanoparticles can be engineered to recognize biological targets, thereby augmenting therapeutic efficacy and minimizing toxicity. Recent studies have also highlighted the application of CuNPs in treating various diseases, such as cancer, infections, and inflammatory conditions. Their antimicrobial and anticancer properties further complement their drug delivery capabilities. Nonetheless, challenges such as potential cytotoxicity, stability issues, and scalability must be addressed to facilitate clinical translation.