Repurposing Kinase Inhibitors for COVID-19 A Comprehensive Review of Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Effects

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has posed significant global challenges, impacting millions and straining healthcare systems. With over 600 million confirmed cases worldwide and a death rate of approximately 1% as of May 2024, there is an urgent need for effective treatments. Kinase inhibitors, traditionally used in cancer therapy, have emerged as promising candidates due to their multifaceted antiviral and immunomodulatory properties. By targeting key signaling pathways involved in viral replication, host immune response modulation, and inflammatory cascades, these inhibitors offer a comprehensive approach to combating SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review explores the intricate mechanisms of action of kinase inhibitors, highlighting their antiviral potential, immunomodulatory effects, and synergistic interactions with existing treatments. We synthesize data from in vitro experiments, animal models, and clinical trials to provide a thorough understanding of the therapeutic landscape of kinase inhibitors in COVID-19. Notably, the FDA has approved Baricitinib in combination with remdesivir for hospitalized COVID-19 patients, demonstrating improved clinical outcomes and reduced recovery time. Other kinase inhibitors, such as Imatinib and Ruxolitinib, are undergoing clinical trials to assess their efficacy. Despite challenges, the repurposing of kinase inhibitors represents a viable strategy to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 and enhance patient outcomes