An Insight into Cellular and Molecular Changes Associated with Cigarette Smoking

Abstract

Cigarette smoking presents a significant global health challenge, with approximately 8

million deaths attributed annually to tobacco use. The intricate chemical composition of cigarettes, containing over 5,000 harmful substances like nicotine and tar, disrupts cellular functions, fostering chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation. This not only damages the lungs but also weakens systemic immunity, heightening susceptibility to infections and exacerbating autoimmune diseases and oral health issues. This review provides an overview of the profound cellular changes induced by cigarette smoking, emphasizing its impact on respiratory and cardiovascular health, along with alterations in gene expression profiles across various tissues and cell types. Structural degradation of the airways compromised mucociliary clearance, and heightened inflammation in the lungs are notable effects. Additionally, smoking significantly contributes to the development and progression of various cardiovascular diseases. Understanding the genetic alterations triggered by tobacco exposure and exploring signaling cascades in tobacco-related diseases are crucial for devising effective interventions. Further research, including transcriptome studies on the effects of smokeless tobacco, is essential to address these challenges and pave the way for targeted interventions against tobacco-related diseases.